NASA Looks to Build Huge Telescopes with Fluid Materials
The American space agency NASA is experimenting with ways to build huge telescopes with fluid materials. Such devices could permit astronomers to examine older and more distant space objects.
Bigger telescopes often lead to big, new discoveries. They can reach deeper into space, finding and collecting light at far greater distances than smaller equipment.
In January, NASA announced the deployment of its “largest and most powerful” telescope ever built, the James Webb Space Telescope. It aims to build on the work of past telescopes, while gathering in-depth information on the early development of the universe.
But NASA is seeking to greatly expand the size of its telescopes, up to 100 times over ones currently in use. One way to do this is to build lenses using fluid materials.
NASA has been carrying out experiments to see if fluids can be used to create telescope lenses in microgravity conditions. The goal is to establish a method that could be used by astronauts in space to create lenses after transporting the necessary materials.
Much of the research centers on exploring how liquids behave in microgravity. NASA notes in a description of its experiments that all liquids contain a force that holds them together at their surface. This force is called surface tension.
On Earth, surface tension can keep very small ｄrops of water together, in a perfect circle. But when the ｄrops get bigger, the surface tension is broken and the ｄrop’s circular shape collapses. In space, the microgravity environment causes ｄrops of water and other fluids to form perfect circles and stay that way.
One experiment is called the Fluidic Telescope Experiment, or FLUTE. It is a joint project involving NASA’s Ames Research Center in California, the Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and the Israel Institute of Technology, known as Technion.
FLUTE’s main investigator is Edward Balaban. He said in a statement the way liquids behave in microgravity can be a good fit for producing large telescopes or other optical elements.
"In microgravity, liquids take on shapes that are useful for making lenses and mirrors,” Balaban said. “So if we make them in space, they could be used to build telescopes that are dramatically bigger than was previously thought possible."
FLUTE team members have carried out experiments on the ground and in the air to test different liquid materials. In one test, scientists combined water with chemical mixes in search of a good material to make telescope lenses. The tests simulated a weightless environment.
Moran Bercovici, a professor of Mechanical Engineering at Technion, helped lead the experiments. He said the team used pumps to push different oil materials into a circular frame. In a few seconds, Bercovici said, “we were able to create a free-standing liquid lens – until the plane lifted upwards again and gravity kicked in and the oils oozed out.”
Stibbe will attempt to use polymer material, like in the Technion laboratory experiment, to create lenses in full microgravity. The lenses will then be transported back to Earth for close examination.
Balaban said: "If our (ISS) experiment is successful, it will be the first time an optical component is made in space. It feels a bit like making history."
Words in This Story
lens – n. a piece of equipment, made of glass or plastic, with a curved surface that is used to make images larger or cleaner
optical – adj. relating to light or the ability to see
mirror – n. a piece of glass with a shiny metallic material on one side that produces an image of anything that is in front of it
dramatic – adj. very sudden or noticeable
previous – adj. existing or happening before something else
simulate – v. to do or make something that looks real, but is not
ooze – v. to come out of something
component – n. one of the parts of something, especially a machine
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